Passiv
Passiv og dets funktion
Passiv bruges til at vise interesse i den person eller ting, som undergår en handling frem for den person eller ting, der udfører handlingen. Sagt med andre ord bliver den vigtigste person eller ting grundled i sætningen.
Eksempler
- The passive voice is used frequently. (= vi er interesserede i den passive stemme, ikke i hvem, der bruger den.)
- The house was built in 1654. (= vi er interesserede i huset, ikke i hvem, der byggede det.)
- The road is being repaired. (= vi er interesserede i vejen, ikke i de personer, der udfører reparationerne.)
Nogle gange bruger vi passiv, fordi vi ikke ved eller ikke vil udtrykke, hvem der udførte handlingen.
Eksempler
- I noticed that a window had been left open.
- Every year thousands of people are killed on our roads.
- All the cookies have been eaten.
- My car has been stolen!
Passiv bruges ofte i formelle tekster. Hvis du skriver i aktiv, vil det være tydeligere og nemmere at læse.
| Passiv | Aktiv |
|---|---|
| A great deal of meaning is conveyed by a few well-chosen words. | A few well-chosen words convey a great deal of meaning. |
| Our planet is wrapped in a mass of gases. | A mass of gases wrap around our planet. |
| Waste materials are disposed of in a variety of ways. | The city disposes of waste materials in a variety of ways. |
Hvis vi vil sige, hvem eller hvad der udfører handlingen i passiv, bruger vi forholdsordet by. Når vi ved, hvem der udførte handlingen og er interesserede i ham, er det altid bedre at skifte til aktiv.
| Passiv | Aktiv |
|---|---|
| "A Hard Day's Night" was written by the Beatles. | The Beatles wrote "A Hard Day's Night". |
| The movie ET was directed by Spielberg. | Spielberg directed the movie ET. |
| This house was built by my father. | My father built this house. |
Læs mere om passiv og dets aktive ækvivalenter for alle engelske tider.
Dannelse af passiv
Passiv på engelska dannes af to elementer:
den passende form af udsagnsordet 'to be' + førnutid tillægsform
| Bekræftende | Negativ | Spørgende | Negativ spørgende |
|---|---|---|---|
| The house was built in 1899. | The house wasn't built in 1899. | Was the house built in 1899? | Wasn't the house built in 1899? |
| These houses were built in 1899. | These houses weren't built in 1899. | Were these houses built in 1899? | Weren't these houses built in 1899? |
To clean, passiv
| Grundled | + to be (bøjet) | + førnutid tillægsform | + resten af sætningen |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple present | |||
| The house | is | cleaned | every day. |
| Present continuous | |||
| The house | is being | cleaned | at the moment. |
| Simple past | |||
| The house | was | cleaned | yesterday. |
| Past continuous | |||
| The house | was being | cleaned | last week. |
| Present perfect | |||
| The house | has been | cleaned | since you left. |
| Past perfect | |||
| The house | had been | cleaned | before they arrived. |
| Fremtid | |||
| The house | will be | cleaned | next week. |
| Fremtid continuous | |||
| The house | will be being | cleaned | tomorrow. |
| Present conditionalis | |||
| The house | would be | cleaned | if they had visitors. |
| Past conditionalis | |||
| The house | would have been | cleaned | if it had been dirty. |
| Navnemåde | |||
| The house | must be | cleaned | before we arrive. |
Passiv med navnemåde
Passiv med navnemåde bruges efter mådesudsagnsord eller andre udsagnsord, der normalt bliver efterfulgt af en navnemåde.
Eksempler
- You have to be tested on your English grammar.
- John might be promoted next year.
- She wants to be invited to the party.
- I expect to be surprised on my birthday.
- You may be disappointed.
Passiv med gerundium
Gerundium bruges efter forholdsord og udsagnsord, der normalt bliver efterfulgt af en gerundium.
Eksempler
- I remember being taught to drive.
- The children are excited about being taken to the zoo.
- The children are excited to be taken to the zoo.
- Most film stars hate being interviewed.
- Most film stars hate to be interviewed.
- Poodles like to be pampered.
- Poodles like being pampered.
Brugen af "to be born"
"To be born" er en passiv form, som oftest bruges i datid. Men i nogle tilfælde kan den bruges i nutid eller fremtid.
Eksempler
- I was born in 1976.
- Where were you born?
- Around 100 babies are born in this hospital every week.
- We don't know on exactly which day the baby will be born.
Nogle gange dannes passiv ved hjælp af udsagnsordet to get eller to have i stedet for udsagnsordet to be. Der er en selvstændig side, der behandler disse alternative måder at danne passiv på.